Write The Common Name For Each Amine

Common Names for Amines: A Comprehensive Guide

Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia (NH₃) by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. Understanding their nomenclature is crucial for organic chemistry. While IUPAC nomenclature provides a systematic naming system, common names are frequently used, especially for simpler amines. This comprehensive guide will delve into the common names for various amines, explaining their origins and providing examples. Mastering these common names will significantly improve your understanding of organic chemistry literature and discussions.

Understanding Amine Classification and Nomenclature

Before diving into common names, it's essential to grasp the basic classification of amines. Amines are categorized based on the number of alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom:

1. Primary Amines (1°):

Primary amines have one alkyl or aryl group attached to the nitrogen atom. The general formula is R-NH₂, where R represents the alkyl or aryl group.

• Example: Methylamine (CH₃NH₂). The common name reflects the methyl group attached to the amine.

2. Secondary Amines (2°):

Secondary amines have two alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom. The general formula is R₁-NH-R₂, where R₁ and R₂ represent the alkyl or aryl groups. These can be the same or different groups.

• Example: Dimethylamine ((CH₃)₂NH). The common name indicates two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen.

3. Tertiary Amines (3°):

Tertiary amines have three alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom. The general formula is R₁-N-R₂-R₃, where R₁, R₂, and R₃ represent the alkyl or aryl groups. These can be the same or different groups.

• Example: Triethylamine ((CH₃CH₂)₃N). This name clearly shows three ethyl groups bonded to the nitrogen.

Common Names of Simple Amines

Many simple amines have established common names that are widely used. These names often reflect the alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom.

Alkyl Amines:

• Methylamine (CH₃NH₂): One methyl group.
• Dimethylamine ((CH₃)₂NH): Two methyl groups.
• Trimethylamine ((CH₃)₃N): Three methyl groups.
• Ethylamine (CH₃CH₂NH₂): One ethyl group.
• Diethylamine ((CH₃CH₂)₂NH): Two ethyl groups.
• Triethylamine ((CH₃CH₂)₃N): Three ethyl groups.
• Propylamine (CH₃CH₂CH₂NH₂): One propyl group.
• Dipropylamine ((CH₃CH₂CH₂)₂NH): Two propyl groups.
• Tripropylamine ((CH₃CH₂CH₂)₃N): Three propyl groups.
• Butylamine (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂): One butyl group. (Note: There are isomers of butylamines, each with its own common name based on the specific butyl isomer).
• Isobutylamine ((CH₃)₂CHCH₂NH₂): An isobutyl group.
• sec-Butylamine (CH₃CH₂CH(CH₃)NH₂): A secondary butyl group.
• tert-Butylamine ((CH₃)₃CNH₂): A tertiary butyl group.

Aromatic Amines (Anilines):

Aromatic amines are those where the nitrogen is directly attached to a benzene ring. These are often named as derivatives of aniline (C₆H₅NH₂).

• Aniline (C₆H₅NH₂): The parent aromatic amine.
• N-Methylaniline (C₆H₅NHCH₃): One methyl group attached to the nitrogen of aniline.
• N,N-Dimethylaniline (C₆H₅N(CH₃)₂): Two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen of aniline.
• o-Toluidine (2-methylaniline): A methyl group at the ortho position of the benzene ring.
• m-Toluidine (3-methylaniline): A methyl group at the meta position of the benzene ring.
• p-Toluidine (4-methylaniline): A methyl group at the para position of the benzene ring.

More Complex Amines and Their Common Names

For more complex amines, the common names may become less systematic, often relying on the specific structure and historical context. However, certain patterns and conventions emerge.

Heterocyclic Amines:

Many amines are incorporated into heterocyclic ring systems. These often have established trivial names:

• Pyrrolidine: A five-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom.
• Piperidine: A six-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom.
• Pyrrole: A five-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, but different bonding than pyrrolidine.
• Pyridine: A six-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom, aromatic.
• Indole: A bicyclic system containing a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring.
• Imidazole: A five-membered ring containing two nitrogen atoms.
• Purine: A bicyclic system containing a pyrimidine and an imidazole ring. Important in nucleic acids.

Amines with Functional Groups:

When amines contain other functional groups, the common name might prioritize the dominant functional group or use prefixes and suffixes to indicate the presence of the amine group.

• Amino acids: These molecules contain both an amine group (-NH₂) and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH). Glycine, alanine, and serine are examples, with their common names predating the systematic IUPAC nomenclature.
• Amino alcohols: These compounds contain both an amine group and a hydroxyl group (-OH). For instance, ethanolamine (HOCH₂CH₂NH₂) has a common name that clearly indicates the presence of both functionalities.

The Importance of Context in Amine Nomenclature

It's crucial to understand that the use of common names versus IUPAC names depends heavily on the context. While IUPAC names are unambiguous and systematic, common names are often shorter, more familiar, and widely accepted within specific communities. In research papers, both might be used; the common name might appear in the introduction or discussion, while the IUPAC name ensures clarity in experimental sections.

Example: While a researcher might refer to "aniline" in a general discussion, the IUPAC name, benzenamine, might be used in a reaction scheme to avoid ambiguity.

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